815 10 8302 https://omeka2.svsu.edu/files/original/1999105003_14202f60e7.jpg 01a10f02074639366f5c4711c93a9b31 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 310 Width 1024 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum Objects Collection Mold Materials Plaster Catalog Number 1999.105.003 Object Location Location of object in collection. Storage Room B - L Provenance 10/25/1999 gifted to MFSM Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William Andrew Patton, Mold End, [Plaster] Description An account of the resource Mold end to fit William Andrew Patton mold. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fredericks, Marshall M., 1908-1998 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource N/A Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of this image requires permission from the Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant University Center (Mich.) Mold Mold End William Andrew Paton Portrait Relief https://omeka2.svsu.edu/files/original/1999105_f6c734315d.jpg 9338a2514bec4a81281097504b370585 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 768 Width 512 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum Objects Collection Mold Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image. 43" x 33" Materials Plaster Catalog Number 1999.105 Object Location Location of object in collection. Storage Room A - K3 Provenance 10/25/1999 gifted to MFSM October 2007 Moved to Collection Storage Room A from barn on Michigan Ave. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William Andrew Patton, Mold, [Plaster] Subject The topic of the resource Figure sculpture, American--20th century Description An account of the resource Portrait relief mold for William Andrew Paton. Inscribed on the bottom is "William Andrew Patton professor of accounting". The mold is stained a yellowish color from the shellac used to seal the plaster. William Andrew Paton, a founder of the American Accounting Association who was voted Accounting Educator of the Century by the American Institute of CPAs in 1987, died in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in April at the age of 101. Paton began teaching in 1915 in the economics department at the University of Michigan, but for most of his career he taught accounting in the university's School of Business Administration. He retired in 1959. Some of his 20,000 students later became chairmen of major U.S. corporations (including Roger Smith of General Motors), partners in public accounting firms and leaders in academia. He was a member of the Michigan Association of CPAs and the AICPA. He served on the Institute's committee on accounting procedure (forerunner of the Financial Accounting Standards Board) from 1939-1950. During these 11 years he never missed a meeting or a class and covered all of his expenses out of his own pocket. Bill Paton will be remembered as a devoted, demanding professor who maintained a strong interest in the careers of his students. The love and respect held for him by students are shown in the William A. Paton Center for Accounting Education and Research at the University of Michigan: The building, dedicated in 1976, was funded entirely by former students. In 1940, Paton gave a series of lectures at Harvard University. Following his "retirement" he was a visiting professor at schools in 10 states. He was widely known as a speaker at professional meetings, business organizations and academic societies. A prolific writer, Paton was the author or coauthor of a score of books and some 160 articles and monographs. He was editor of (and a major contributor to) the 1932 and 1943 editions of the Accountants' Handbook, and he was the first editor of Accounting Review. His first book, Accounting Theory, published in 1922, was instrumental in developing the theoretical foundations for the practice of accounting in the United States. Paton was extremely active in professional organizations. In 1922, at age 32, he became president of the American Association of University Instructors in Accounting and began a 13-year campaign to change the group's name to the American Accounting Association in order to broaden its membership base and enlarge its objectives. Paton was one of three persons (and the only professor) elected to the Accounting Hall of Fame when it was established in 1950 at Ohio State University. In 1961, the Michigan Association of CPAs established the William A. Paton Award for the Michigan candidate scoring highest on the CPA examination. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and a number of other academic honor societies. Paton's devotion to his teaching and writing was exceeded only by his love of family. His close friends will remember him as a kind, softhearted and caring person. He is survived by two children and nine grandchildren. Individuals who wish to remember William Andrew Paton may do so by contributing to the Paton Scholarship Fund at the University of Michigan. http://fisher.osu.edu/departments/accounting-and-mis/the-accounting-hall-of-fame/membership-in-hall/william-a.-paton/ Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fredericks, Marshall M., 1908-1998 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource N/A Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of this image requires permission from the Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum Type The nature or genre of the resource Sculpture Relief (Sculpture) Mold Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant University Center (Mich.) Figure Figure sculpture Model Mold Plaster Plaster Model Plaster Mold Plaster Relief Relief William Andrew Paton Portrait Relief https://omeka2.svsu.edu/files/original/440c8150f7939a80c449432937ceda72.jpg aac81b11d6303dfffc4db689062ed290 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Marshall M. Fredericks Archives Collection Description An account of the resource The Marshall M. Fredericks Collection consists of 200 linear feet of materials, including: Correspondence: (13 linear feet) including personal, foreign ministry, and general correspondence as well as special letters and card received by Fredericks Project (Job) Files: (7 linear feet) including correspondence between Fredericks and both sculpture commissioning clients and vendors that helped to fabricate the pieces Subject Files: (24 linear feet) document Fredericks’ civic interests such as Disabled Americans’ Denmark meeting (DIADEM), Rebild National Park, and Danish Consular work, as well as fraternal organizations and the Marshall M Fredericks Sculpture Museum Financial (30 linear feet) document the day-to-day operations of running a studio Photographs: (25 linear feet) including photographs in a variety of sizes, negatives, and slides relating to Fredericks’ teaching career, projects, civic activities, and personal life Clippings/Articles/Books: (28 linear feet) including media articles, journals, etc. about Fredericks and his work Books and Magazines: (16 linear feet) including books and magazines which do not directly relate to Fredericks or his work Drawings: (10 linear feet) including life figure drawings, sculpture project sketches, presentation drawings, working drawings, etc. Awards/Medals/Memorabilia: (16 linear feet) including awards and medals given to Fredericks as well as medals he designed Video/Films/Audio: (13 linear feet) including media relating to Fredericks’ work, civic interests, and life Ephemera:(8 linear feet) containing portfolio postcards, posters, etc. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Black and white print Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image. 8" x 10" Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William Beaumont Hospital with "The Family Protected by Healing Herbs" Subject The topic of the resource Aluminum sculpture--20th century Figure sculpture, American--20th century. Fredericks, Marshall M., 1908-1998 Relief (Art) Outdoor sculpture--United States. Public sculpture, American William Beaumont Hospital (Royal Oak, Mich.) Description An account of the resource Inspired by the verse, "The leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nation" (Revelation 22:2), the aluminum relief is located on the facade of William Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak, Michigan. It was awarded the Gold Medal in Sculpture by the Architectural League of New York in 1956. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hartwick, Maurice C. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Marshall M. Fredericks Papers Series V, Box 10 Folder 18 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource n.d. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of this image requires permission from the creator. Relation A related resource V-10-18 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 5233 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Royal Oak (Mich.) Aluminum Aluminum Relief Aluminum Sculpture Bas Relief Family Family and Justice Family and Justice Reliefs Family Protected by Healing Herbs Figure Figure sculpture Herbs Relief Sculpture The Family Protected by Healing Herbs V1018 William Beaumont Hospital https://omeka2.svsu.edu/files/original/0881b3d05ce5f89217915c33cd89cea4.jpg 0de6f7132ddc8bcc20de8f34c2d6ff7e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Marshall M. Fredericks Archives Collection Description An account of the resource The Marshall M. Fredericks Collection consists of 200 linear feet of materials, including: Correspondence: (13 linear feet) including personal, foreign ministry, and general correspondence as well as special letters and card received by Fredericks Project (Job) Files: (7 linear feet) including correspondence between Fredericks and both sculpture commissioning clients and vendors that helped to fabricate the pieces Subject Files: (24 linear feet) document Fredericks’ civic interests such as Disabled Americans’ Denmark meeting (DIADEM), Rebild National Park, and Danish Consular work, as well as fraternal organizations and the Marshall M Fredericks Sculpture Museum Financial (30 linear feet) document the day-to-day operations of running a studio Photographs: (25 linear feet) including photographs in a variety of sizes, negatives, and slides relating to Fredericks’ teaching career, projects, civic activities, and personal life Clippings/Articles/Books: (28 linear feet) including media articles, journals, etc. about Fredericks and his work Books and Magazines: (16 linear feet) including books and magazines which do not directly relate to Fredericks or his work Drawings: (10 linear feet) including life figure drawings, sculpture project sketches, presentation drawings, working drawings, etc. Awards/Medals/Memorabilia: (16 linear feet) including awards and medals given to Fredericks as well as medals he designed Video/Films/Audio: (13 linear feet) including media relating to Fredericks’ work, civic interests, and life Ephemera:(8 linear feet) containing portfolio postcards, posters, etc. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Black and white print Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image. 8" x 10" Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William Beaumont Hospital with aluminum "The Family Protected by Healing Herbs" Subject The topic of the resource Aluminum sculpture--20th century Figure sculpture, American--20th century. Fredericks, Marshall M., 1908-1998 Relief (Art) Outdoor sculpture--United States. Public sculpture, American William Beaumont Hospital (Royal Oak, Mich.) Description An account of the resource Inspired by the verse, "The leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nation" (Revelation 22:2), the aluminum relief is located on the facade of William Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak, Michigan. It was awarded the Gold Medal in Sculpture by the Architectural League of New York in 1956. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hartwick, Maurice Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Marshall M. Fredericks Papers Series V, Box 10 Folder 18 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource n.d. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of this image requires permission from the creator. Relation A related resource V-10-18 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 5235 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Royal Oak (Mich.) Aluminum Aluminum Relief Aluminum Sculpture Bas Relief Family Family and Justice Family and Justice Reliefs Family Protected by Healing Herbs Figure Figure sculpture Herbs Relief Sculpture The Family Protected by Healing Herbs V1018 William Beaumont Hospital https://omeka2.svsu.edu/files/original/1999071_eaa3fdc810.jpg 26cfed7e4a25c0a9b29d2db52ee650f2 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 768 Width 576 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum Objects Collection Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image. 24" x 24" x 4" Materials Plaster Catalog Number 1999.071 Object Location Location of object in collection. Storage Room B Provenance 10/25/1999 gifted to MFSM Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William Beaumont, M.D. Subject The topic of the resource Figure sculpture, American--20th century Description An account of the resource Plaster portrait relief of William Beaumont without the text. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fredericks, Marshall M., 1908-1998 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of this image requires permission from the Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum Type The nature or genre of the resource Sculpture Relief (Sculpture) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant University Center (Mich.) Figure Figure sculpture Model Plaster Plaster Model Portrait Portrait Plaque William Beaumont M.D. https://omeka2.svsu.edu/files/original/1991108_add426390e.jpg 849140f124ef950a6afc3e724d96e2b3 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 768 Width 652 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum Objects Collection Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image. 35.5" x 31.5" Materials Plaster Catalog Number 1991.108 Object Location Location of object in collection. Main Exhibit Gallery Provenance 1989 March, 22 Gift to Museum and SVSU Board of Control Notes From Jennifer Lentz (Collection Documentation Intern 1991-1992) Memo dated April 15, 1992 "RE: William Beaumont, M.D., portrait relief Molly told me she was not sure if the relief on Mackinaw Island was cast in bronze or copper. I called to inquire and found out that the building the relief is housed in is called the Beaumont Memorial. It is open to the public from June 15 to Labor Day. Marsha Hamilton told me her records indicate that the relief is made of bronze. The memorial is on the site where Alexis St. Martin was shot which allowed Beaumont to do his famous studies. The building was a house originally. In 1955 it was acquired through the Michigan Medical Society who restored it and made it the Beaumont Memorial. Molly also told me that The Family: Protected by Healing Herbs on the outside wall of Beaumont Hospital was done at the same time as the portrait relief. It was a gift of Mrs. Louis G. Erb in memory of her late husband. The architect was Thomas Elerbe." HISTORY: DR. WILLIAM BEAUMONT'S EARLY YEARS The Beaumonts came from England to the American colonies in 1635. Dr. Beaumont's father and paternal uncles all fought in the Revolutionary War. After the war, his father Samuel Beaumont became a farmer in Lebanon, Connecticut; two of William's uncles - William and Daniel Beaumont - moved to the Champlain area in New York, close to the Canadian border. Dr. Beaumont's parents, Samuel and Lucretia, had a total of nine children; William was their second child, born in Lebanon, Connecticut on November 21, 1785. Lebanon was then the sixth largest town in Connecticut. As a boy, William's schoolmaster (and role model?) was Silas Fuller, who himself became a medical doctor in Lebanon and served in the War of 1812 as a regiment surgeon. In 1807, William left Lebanon for Champlain, where he became the town's schoolmaster and served as secretary for the local debating society. HIS MEDICAL TRAINING In early 1809, William began "reading" under Dr. Benjamin Moore of Champlain. (NOTE: There were few medical schools then in the U.S., so it was common for potential doctors to be trained by reading medical subjects under the direction of an established doctor, and then paying for an apprenticeship with a doctor.) In the spring of 1811, William began his apprenticeship with Dr. Benjamin Chandler and Dr. Truman Powell in St. Albans, Vermont; in June 1812, the Third Medical Society of Vermont approved William to practice "Physic and Surgery." THE START OF DR. BEAUMONT'S ARMY CAREER On September 13, 1812, at age 26, Dr. William Beaumont enlisted as a surgeon's mate in the U.S. Army, a position that paid $30 a month. He was assigned to the Sixth Infantry Regiment in Plattsburgh, New York. Soldiers sometimes slept outdoors without shelter, quite miserable during a wet and windy winter; hospitals were set up in buildings, barns, or even tents. Medically, it was common for the soldiers to come down with dysentery, pleurisy, pneumonia, sore throats, and rheumatism. In those days, typhus was treated with wine, opium, snakeroot, and mercury; for rheumatism pain, Beaumont prescribed opium, wood resin, and turpentine. Beaumont was proud of that fact that not one of his 200+ cases died. Dr. Beaumont saw his first "action" in the War of 1812 in April 1813, when the Sixth Regiment led the charge at York, the capital of Upper Canada. The British retreated while blowing up the main magazine; the explosion caused heavy casualties and injuries. Beaumont and the other surgeons were amputating arms and legs for two straight days; they also trephined fractured skulls (this meant using a cylindrical saw to remove bone, attempting to relieve pressure on the brain). After the war ended, Beaumont left the Army and in June 1815 he began private practice in Plattsburgh, NY, where he met his future wife, Deborah Green Platt. Dr. William Beaumont, circa 1821 Dr. Beaumont re-entered the Army in December 1819, this time as a post surgeon. He was sent to Fort Mackinac, on a small island in Lake Michigan, near the Canadian border. The post hospital was then in a converted storehouse that Beaumont described as "wholly unfit," "insupportably cold and smoky in winter" (when snow came into the wards) and open to "every shower in summer" (when patients' beds had to be moved to avoid being rained on). They had a shortage of medical supplies, and didn't even have a thermometer for months. In August 1821, Beaumont took a leave and traveled to Plattsburgh, where he and Deborah were married. When they moved to Fort Mackinac, they brought with them Melancton Smith, the 11-year-old stepson of Deborah's sister Ann Green Smith. The boy's father was Colonel Melancton Smith of Plattsburgh, who had died in 1818; Colonel Smith met Dr. Beaumont during the War of 1812, when Smith commanded the fort where Beaumont was attached at the Battle of Plattsburgh in August 1814. Young Melancton Smith lived with the Beaumonts for several years, and eventually entered the Navy and became a rear admiral. HIS FIRST CHAPTER WITH ALEXIS ST. MARTIN On June 6, 1822, in the American Fur Company on Mackinac Island, a French-Canadian voyageur named Alexis St. Martin was shot in the upper left abdomen; the musket wound was "more than the size of the palm of a man's hand," Beaumont wrote, and affected part of a lung, two ribs, and the stomach. Dr. Beaumont treated the wound, but he was repeatedly unsuccessful in fully closing the hole in St. Martin's stomach; for a while, the hole had to be covered to prevent food and drink from coming out. St. Martin was now unable to work as a voyageur, so in April 1823 Beaumont hired him as the family's live-in handyman - chopping wood, mowing a field, etc. [NOTE: A voyageur's job was to paddle a canoe to pick up furs from Indian trappers to deliver to the fur company; some voyageurs sold furs directly as traders.] DESCRIPTION OF WOUND: The hole in St. Martin's side was a permanent open gastric fistula, large enough that Beaumont could insert his entire forefinger into the stomach cavity. Diagram of Alexis St. Martin's wound (from Dr. Beaumont's book, Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion, 1833) St. Martin "was accidentally wounded by a discharge from a musket. The contents of the weapon, consisting of powder and duck-shot, entered his left side from a distance of not more than a yard off. The charge was directed obliquely forward and inward, literally blowing off the integument and muscles for a space about the size of a man's hand, carrying away the anterior half of the 6th rib, fracturing the 5th rib, lacerating the lower portion of the lowest lobe of the left lung, and perforating the diaphragm and the stomach. The whole mass of the discharge together with fragments of clothing were driven into the muscles and cavity of the chest. When first seen by Dr. Beaumont about a half hour after the accident, a portion of the lung, as large as a turkey's egg was found protruding through the external wound. The protruding lung was lacerated and burnt. Immediately below this was another protrusion, which proved to be a portion of the stomach, lacerated through all its coats. Through an orifice, large enough to admit a fore-finger, oozed the remnants of the food he had taken for breakfast. His injuries were dressed; extensive sloughing commenced, and the wound became considerably enlarged. Portions of the lung, cartilages, ribs, and of the ensiform process of the sternum came away. In a year from the time of the accident, the wound, with the exception of a fistulous aperture of the stomach and side, had completely cicatrized. This aperture was about 2 1/2 inches in circumference, and through it food and drink constantly extruded unless prevented by a tent-compress and bandage." [From Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine by George M. Gould and Walter L. Pyle (Philadelphia, 1896)] It was not until August 1, 1825 that Dr. Beaumont - now stationed at Fort Niagara - began his experiments with St. Martin, becoming the first person to observe human digestion as it occurs in the stomach. Beaumont tied quarter-ounce pieces of food to the end of a silk string and dangled the food through the hole into St. Martin's stomach. (The food items were "high seasoned alamode beef," raw salted lean beef, raw salted fat pork, raw lean fresh beef, boiled corned beef, stale bread, and raw cabbage.) St. Martin went back to his household duties. Beaumont pulled out the string one, two, and three hours later, to observe the rate of digestion for the different foods. Five hours after he first put the food into St. Martin's stomach, Beaumont removed the food pieces because St. Martin was suffering stomach distress. The next day, St. Martin still had indigestion, which Beaumont treated. On August 7, 1825, Beaumont had St. Martin fast for 17 hours, and then took the temperature of St. Martin's stomach (it was 100 degrees) Beaumont removed gastric juice from St. Martin's stomach, then observed the rate of digestion of a piece of corned boiled beef "test-tube" style, while also placing the same-sized piece of meat directly into St. Martin's stomach. The stomach digested the meat in two hours; the vial of gastric juice took 10 hours (maintained at about 100 degrees). The next day, Beaumont repeated the experiments using boiled chicken, which he found digested slower than the beef. The experiments showed that gastric juice has solvent properties. In September, St. Martin returned home to Canada (where he married and had children), so Beaumont was unable to experiment on him further at this time. ARMY MEDICAL SERVICE IN WISCONSIN In 1826, Beaumont was assigned to Fort Howard, Green Bay, which was then in Michigan Territory. (Beaumont simultaneously had a private practice in Green Bay.) The medical problems he saw included fevers, diarrhea, dysentery, and rheumatism; Beaumont connected the health issues with the area's weather (sudden changes in weather, cold weather, hot weather that turned the water bad, damp weather, etc.). Beaumont thought that the numerous wounds and sprains he saw were caused by alcohol abuse, as soldiers in those days were rationed an entire "gill" of whiskey a day (two gills a day if a soldier was on manual labor duty for 10 or more days). The military continued the daily whiskey ration until 1830. In 1828, Dr. Beaumont was transferred to the Fifth Regiment's headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri, but - while en route to St. Louis - he stopped at Fort Crawford in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, whose commander ordered Beaumont to stay so their medical officer could go on leave. This "stopover" lasted four years. Fort Crawford's biggest medical problem was malaria, caused by mosquitoes and the area's problem of flooding each spring (Prairie du Chien is where the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers join.). In 1830, almost 75% of the fort's troops had malaria. It was at Fort Crawford where Dr. Beaumont began a lifelong friendship with Captain Ethan Allen Hitchcock, whose grandfather was the famous Revolutionary War hero Ethan Allen of Vermont; Hitchcock eventually became a Major-General. HIS SECOND CHAPTER WITH ALEXIS ST. MARTIN In June 1829, Alexis St. Martin returned to the Beaumonts, this time bringing his wife and family to Fort Crawford. Beaumont was busy with his medical work so did not have time to resume experiments with St. Martin until December 1829 through March 1830. One set of observations was to try to determine any relation between digestion and weather. By observing St. Martin on different days and times and in varying weather conditions, Beaumont saw that dry weather increases stomach temperature, and humid weather lowers it (a healthy stomach being 100 degrees). Dr. Beaumont was busy treating patients with "intermittent fever" during the area's summer flood and fall rains in 1830. In January 1831, Beaumont just observed the normal process of digestion in the stomach. St. Martin would eat a normal meal and resume his work, and Beaumont would periodically take samples from St. Martin's stomach. Another experiment compared what happened to food placed in a vial of gastric juice (temperature not controlled), food placed in a container of water, and food eaten by St. Martin; he learned that gastric juice needed heat to digest (i.e., that cold gastric juice has no effect on food). Beaumont used more variety of food samples while at Fort Crawford; he found that vegetables are less digestible than other foods, and milk coagulates before the digestive process. St. Martin sometimes became irritable doing experiments (it was stressful for him to have food removed from his stomach), and Beaumont observed that being angry can hinder one's digestion. In April 1831, St. Martin and his family left for their home in Canada, traveling by canoe or portage all the way to Montreal. HIS THIRD AND LAST CHAPTER WITH ALEXIS ST. MARTIN In late 1832, Beaumont began a leave from the Army, intending to conduct further experiments on the digestive system. He located Alexis St. Martin in October, dropped off his wife Deborah and children in Plattsburgh (where Deborah's family lived), and traveled with St. Martin to Washington, D.C. Beaumont again tried different foods with St. Martin, including raw oysters, sausage, mutton, and "boiled salted fat pork." Beaumont focused on gastric juice, but did not study the importance of saliva on digestion; sometimes, he put food directly into St. Martin's stomach (once, he put in 12 raw oysters). He also observed that exercise helped the production and release of gastric juice. (Another limitation on Beaumont's work is that he could not obtain a chemical analysis of the gastric juice, as chemical analysis was severely limited in the mid-nineteenth century.) Dr. Samuel Beaumont In mid-April 1833, Beaumont went to Plattsburgh, New York, where Beaumont was reunited with his family and began work on publishing his observations in a book, "Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion." Dr. William Beaumont's cousin, Dr. Samuel Beaumont, had published a small newspaper prior to becoming a doctor himself (he apprenticed under William), so Samuel was quite helpful to William with the book's initial printing in 1833 (and with its second edition in 1846). Sometime in April or May 1833, St. Martin left for Canada due to the death of one of his children; he expected to rejoin Beaumont by June 1 for more experiments, but as it turned out, St. Martin and Dr. Beaumont never again saw each other. BEAUMONT'S MOVE TO ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI In July 1834, William Beaumont began service at his last Army post, at Jefferson Barracks near St. Louis, Missouri. Beaumont made several attempts to get Alexis St. Martin to come to St. Louis, but Beaumont was unwilling to pay enough money for St. Martin's family to come with him. It was here that the Beaumonts became close friends of Robert E. Lee and his family; Lee was then a young Army lieutenant who was responsible for improving the St. Louis harbor, making it safer for boats. Beaumont participated in the new local medical society, which soon became the state medical society. In 1839, the Army wanted to send Dr. Beaumont to Florida, as medical officers were greatly needed in the battlefield due to the war against the Seminoles. Beaumont resigned from the Army rather than move to Florida. His St. Louis medical practice now earned him about $10,000 a year, despite a depression in the city. BEAUMONT'S LIFE AFTER THE ARMY He continued his private medical practice in St. Louis. In March 1853, Dr. Beaumont slipped on an icy step while exiting a patient's home, hitting his head severely. The occipital hematoma became infected, his condition deteriorated, and he died on April 25. He was buried in Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis. MEMORIALS, LINKS TO OTHER SITES William Beaumont is memorialized now by a number of medical history organizations and a building in Washington. Also: " William Beaumont Hospital in Michigan " Beaumont Memorial building on Mackinac Island " Beaumont Life Sciences Building ("Beaumont Hall") on the SUNY Plattsburgh Campus " William Beaumont Army Medical Center (WBAMC) in El Paso, Texas (their page on Dr. Beaumont is at http://www.wbamc.amedd.army.mil/revision-a/admin/wbeaumont.asp, and their cafeteria is named "Saint Martin Dining Facility") POSTSCRIPT - WHAT HAPPENED TO ALEXIS ST. MARTIN Alexis St. Martin lived 58 years after his accident. After returning home to Canada for good, he worked as a farmer and itinerant laborer ("chopping wood by the cord," he described it). After the doctor's death, St. Martin did make a brief visit in 1856 to Dr. Beaumont's home in St. Louis, where he spoke with Deborah Beaumont. After Deborah's death, St. Martin frequently corresponded with Dr. Beaumont's son Israel; in 1879, he wrote that he had "been ill for six years . . . I am suffering a little from my gastric fistula, and my digestion grows worse than ever." His lawyer, Judge Baby of Montreal, said that St. Martin was "very much addicted to drink" in his 80's. When St. Martin died at age 86 on June 24, 1880 in St. Thomas de Joliette, Canada, his family deliberately let his body decompose in the hot sun for four days and then buried it in the Catholic churchyard in a deep unmarked grave, with heavy rocks atop the coffin, hoping to prevent anyone from examining his stomach or performing an autopsy. Years later, to commemorate St. Martin's contribution to medical science, a committee finally persuaded one of St. Martin's granddaughters to disclose the grave's location; in 1962, a plaque was placed on the church's wall near the grave, stating Alexis' history, and that "through his affliction he served all humanity." Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William Beaumont, M.D. [Plaster] Subject The topic of the resource Figure sculpture, American--20th century Description An account of the resource WILLIAM BEAUMONT, M.D., 1955 Plaster original Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Marshall M. Fredericks 1991.108 In 1822, Dr. William Beaumont (1785-1853), an army surgeon at Fort Mackinac, was called to treat Alexis St. Martin, a fur trapper working for the American Fun Company on Mackinac Island, who had accidentally been shot in the stomach. St. Martin recovered, but his abdominal wound failed to heal, leaving an opening through which his stomach could be seen. Dr. Beaumont hired St. Martin as a handyman since he could no longer work as a voyageur and persuaded St. Martin to cooperate in digestion research. Dr. Beaumont fed him various foods over a period of years in order to watch the course of digestion, and later wrote a book reporting his conclusions which remain accurate to this day. St. Martin, except for his unusual wound remained healthy and lived to the age of 86. William Beaumont is memorialized through his namesake institutions: William Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak and Troy, Michigan; William Beaumont Medical Center at Fort Bliss, Texas; and Beaumont Life Sciences Building at the State University of New York, Plattsburgh Campus. This bronze relief is located in the Mackinac Island Museum, Mackinaw Island, Michigan, and at the William Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak, Michigan. It is located on the site where Alexis St. Martin was treated allowing Beaumont to do his famous studies on digestion. In 1955, the Beaumont House was acquired through the Michigan Medical Society and restored to be the Beaumont Memorial. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fredericks, Marshall M., 1908-1998 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of this image requires permission from the Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum Type The nature or genre of the resource Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant University Center (Mich.) Relation A related resource <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/marshallfredericks/6351551390/in/set-72157628015891879" target="_blank">William Beaumont,Richard and Jane Manoogian Mackinac Art Museum, Mackinac Island, MI</a> <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/marshallfredericks/6351551178/in/set-72157628015891879" target="_blank">William Beaumont, Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI</a> Figure Figure sculpture Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum Model Plaque Plaster Plaster Model Portrait Plaque Relief William Beaumont M.D. https://omeka2.svsu.edu/files/original/2000385_d424ddaa3e.jpg b408117d949958d3e93af816c931b2fb Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 768 Width 512 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum Objects Collection Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image. 31" x 23" x 3.25" Materials Plaster Wood Catalog Number 2000.385 Object Location Location of object in collection. Storage Room A - J1 Provenance 11/15/2000 gifted to MFSM October 2007 Moved to Collection Storage Room A from barn on Michigan Ave. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William Beaumont, M.D., Relief, [Plaster] Subject The topic of the resource Figure sculpture, American--20th century Description An account of the resource Plaster portrait relief of William Beaumont without the text. Mounted on wood board. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fredericks, Marshall M., 1908-1998 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of this image requires permission from the Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum Type The nature or genre of the resource Sculpture Relief Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant University Center (Mich.) Plaster Plaster Relief Portrait Relief William Beaumont https://omeka2.svsu.edu/files/original/1999153_5aa6c35d62.jpg e0c4b1ae833348c0054f0296a3fca8da Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 768 Width 1024 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum Objects Collection Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image. 22" x 14" Materials Bronze Catalog Number 1999.153 Object Location Location of object in collection. Storage Room B - C2 Provenance 10/25/1999 gifted to MFSM Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William John Stapelton, Jr., M.D., Relief, [Bronze] Description An account of the resource For Schiffman Medical Library at Wayne State University, Detroit. Bronze plaque with four posts on back. Inscribed on the plaque is "William John Stapleton Jr. MD Family Physician friend and counselor to the people of this community for over half a century. Professor of medical Jurisprudence Historian Associate Dean of Wayne State University School of Medicine." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fredericks, Marshall M., 1908-1998 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of this image requires permission from the Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum Type The nature or genre of the resource Sculpture Relief Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant University Center (Mich.) Bronze Bronze Relief Plaque Relief William John Stapelton Jr. William John Stapleton Jr. M.D. Portrait Relief https://omeka2.svsu.edu/files/original/1991096_4d3c398089.jpg cf47212d8d5dc70aeaa02abbcdfbe9d9 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 768 Width 752 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum Objects Collection Sculpture Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image. 23" dia Materials Plaster Catalog Number 1991.096 Object Location Location of object in collection. Main Exhibit Gallery Provenance 1989 March, 22 Gift to Museum and SVSU Board of Control Notes From Jennifer Lentz (Collection Documentation Intern 1991-1992) From a Memo dated March 25, 1992 RE: Conversation with Mr. Fredericks about the history of several works in the gallery "William John Stapleton, Jr., M.D.-- Molly said there is a cast in the Stapleton Reading Room at the Shiffman Medical Library at Wayne State University. The building was dedicated September 24, 1970 and the plaque was dedicated April 18, 1973. Stapleton was a Family Physician, a professor of Medical Jurisprudence and a Historian. It was comissioned by Wayne State University. The plaque is mounted on Minnesota Sunset red granite." Molly Barth copy: The last portrait relief is of William Stapleton. He was a good friend of Fredericks also. A bronze cast is located inside the Shiffman Library, Medical Library at Wayne State University. The relief above the display case is the Eaton War Memorial Eagle. That was made for the Eaton Manufacturing Company in Ohio. They had divisions throughout Ohio and Michigan. This was done in memorial to "The men and women of this organization who gave their lives for their country." The main branch of the company had the eagle, plus a list of the men who had given their lives for their country. All their names were carved into a marble wall. The eagle was also cast in bronze for the Saginaw division of the Eaton Manufacturing Company. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William John Stapleton, Jr., M.D. [Plaster] Subject The topic of the resource Figure sculpture, American--20th century Description An account of the resource WILLIAM JOHN STAPLETON, JR., M.D., 1970 Plaster original Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Marshall M. Fredericks 1991.096 William John Stapleton, Jr. (1876-197?- ) was a family physician, a professor of Medical Jurisprudence and a Historian. Stapleton's bronze plaque was commissioned by Wayne State University and is mounted on Minnesota sunset red granite. It hangs in the Stapleton Reading Room of the Shiffman Medical Library at Wayne State University. The building was dedicated September 24, 1970 and the plaque was dedicated April 18, 1973. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fredericks, Marshall M., 1908-1998 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of this image requires permission from the Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum Type The nature or genre of the resource Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant University Center (Mich.) Relation A related resource <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/marshallfredericks/6351561862/in/set-72157628015891879" target="_blank">William John Stapleton, Shiffman Medical Library, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI</a> Figure Figure sculpture Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum Model Plaster Plaster Model Relief William John Stapleton Jr. M.D. Portrait Relief https://omeka2.svsu.edu/files/original/1999137_6edb4dd235.jpg dcd17cda60248d702afc1b37623e54bb Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 768 Width 1024 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum Objects Collection Mold Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image. 24" x 18.25" x 2.75" Materials Plaster Rubber Catalog Number 1999.137 Object Location Location of object in collection. Storage Room B - C2 Provenance 4/5/1994 Stable B Shelf 10/25/1999 gifted to MFSM Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William John Stapleton, Jr., M.D., Mold, [Plaster and Rubber] Description An account of the resource Plaster outer mold with rubber inner mold. Written on the mold is "William John Stapleton Plaque". Inscribed on the plaque is "William John Stapleton Jr. MD Family Physician friend and counselor to the people of this community for over half a century. Professor of medical Jurisprudence Historian Associate Dean of Wayne State University School of Medicine." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fredericks, Marshall M., 1908-1998 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of this image requires permission from the Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum Type The nature or genre of the resource Mold Relief Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant University Center (Mich.) Plaque Plaster Plaster Model Rubber William John Stapleton Jr. M.D. Portrait Relief